PTFE Teflon Glossay Of Terms
Abrasion:
Wearing, grinding, or rubbing away by friction.
Additive:
A substance added to a formulation in relatively small amounts to impart or improve desirable properties or suppress undesirable properties.
Aluminum oxide:
Hard particulate medium used in grit blasting to clean and roughen surfaces that are to be coated.
ASTM:
American Society of Testing and Materials.
Average particle size: The average diameter of particles as determined by various test methods.
Binder:
Tough polymer that acts as an adhesive to join elements of matrix coatings.
Boundary lubrication failure:
Condition in which a lubricating film between sliding surfaces has lost its hydrodynamic property due to heat, pressure or low speed.
Buffing:
Process of polishing a cured coating to improve release and low friction.
Burn-off:
A method of removing a coating. Temperature is elevated above the degradation point of the coating and held there until the coating breaks down. (See surface preparation).
Burnishing:
Process of polishing a cured coating to improve release and low friction.
Carrier:
The liquid portion of a coating (solvent or water) in which solids are dissolved or suspended.
Coefficient of friction:
A number expressing the amount of frictional effect: static or dynamic.
Cold flow:
Tendency of plastic materials to migrate slowly under heavy loads and/or over time.
Conductor:
Material that can support flow of electric current. Fluoropolymer coatings are normally insulators, but can be modified with certain fillers and pigments to make them conductive.
Contact angle:
A means of quantifying the nonstick properties of a coating by measuring the ability of a liquid to wet its surface.
Corona charge:
An electrostatic charge induced on powder particles by passing them through an electrostatic field generated by a high-voltage device.
Corona gun:
A powder gun that uses corona charging.
Corrosion:
Process of metal decomposition (oxidation) in which metal ions are united with oxygen to form metal oxides. Fluoropolymer coatings provide excellent barriers against corrosion.
Crosslinking:
Quality of thermosetting plastic resins in which polymer chains combine during the curing process. In general, the greater the crosslinking, the tougher and more chemically resistant the coating.
Cure end point:
The point either during or following the cure schedule at which the coating film is determined to have developed specified properties.
Cure schedule:
The time/temperature relationship required to cure a coating.
Curing:
Process of bonding or fusing a coating to a substrate with heat and developing specified properties in the coating.
Cut-through resistance:
A coating film's resistance to penetration resulting from the combined application of sharp edges, heat and pressure.
DFT:
Dry Film Thickness.
Dielectric strength:
Ability of a coating to resist the passage of electric current.
Dip/spin:
Coating application technique in which small parts are placed in a basket that is lowered into a coating bath, then raised and spun to remove excess coating. An economical system for coating high volumes of small parts.
Dry (solid) lubricants:
Solid materials such as PTFE, Moly Disulfide (MoS_) and graphite that have low coefficients of friction.
Dry blending:
A process for powder coating manufacturing in which materials are blended without melting.
Edge coverage:
A coating's ability to flow over, build and adhere to sharp corners, angles and edges.
Electrostatic spray:
A deposition method of spraying and charging a coating so that it is deposited on a grounded substrate. A spray application process in which the coating and part to be coated are oppositely charged; process provides excellent "wrap" of coating around the part, even on sides opposite the spray gun. (See Corona Charge and Tribo Charging).
Engineering plastics:
Plastic resins that have high-performance properties such as high temperature stability, hot hardness, abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance.
Epoxy:
A flexible resin, usually thermosetting, made by polymerization of an epoxide and used chiefly in coatings and adhesives.
ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene):
A thermoplastic member of the fluoropolymer family. ETFE is noted for exceptional chemical resistance, toughness and abrasion resistance.
ECTFE (Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene)
This is a partially fluorinated semi-crystalline polymer offering a unique combination of mechanical properties, thermal and chemical resistance.
Faraday cage effect:
Repulsion of charged particles because of the part's concave shape. Charges build at the entry area, preventing penetration into the cavity.
FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene):
A thermoplastic member of the fluoropolymer family. FEP has excellent nonstick and non-wetting properties.
Fillers:
Pigments and other solids used to alter properties of coatings.
Flash point:
The lowest temperature at which a solvent will generate sufficient vapors to ignite in the presence of flame.
Flashing:
A brief sub-cure (at lower temperatures than the final cure) to drive off solvents or carriers prior to full cure. This helps prevent bubbling. See Partial cure.
Flocking deposition:
A deposition method of applying powder by spray to a substrate heated above the melt point of the powder.
Fluidized bed coating:
A method of applying a coating to an article in which the article is immersed in a dense-phase fluidized bed (a fixed container in which powder is aerated) of powdered resin. Preheated objects may be coated by dipping directly into the fluidized powder. In an electrostatic fluidized bed the part is usually not heated but is charged and passed through a fluidized bed of powder which has the opposite charge.
Fluoropolymers:
Family of engineering plastics containing fluorine, characterized by high thermal stability, almost universal chemical resistance and low friction.
Friction (dynamic):
Resistance to continued motion between two surfaces; also known as sliding friction.
Friction (static):
Resistance to initial motion between two surfaces.
Fusion:
The melting and flowing of heated polymer particles to form a continuous film.
Graphite:
A carbon-based dry lubricant that is preferred for high-temperature applications.
Hot hardness:
Ability of a coating to retain hardness and wear resistance at elevated temperatures. Usually a characteristic of coatings based on thermosetting resin binders.
HVLP (high volume, low pressure):
A spray technique utilizing high pressure in combination with low air velocity to increase transfer efficiency and reduce air pollution.
Hybrid resin:
A combination of two or more common resins.
Hydrogen embrittlement:
Embrittlement of carbon steel caused by absorption of atomic hydrogen in plating, pickling or acid cleaning processes.
Hydrophobic:
Repels water.
Intercoat adhesion:
A coating's ability to adhere to previously applied films, including primers.
KN:
Kilo-Newton (1 KN = 1,000 Newtons), a metric measure of force, equivalent to "pounds force" (lbf), (1 Newton = 0.225 pounds force).
lbf:
Pounds force, a measure of force, also expressed as "Kilo-Newtons" (KN).
Matrix coating:
One in which some ingredients, such as the lubricant (PTFE), which is soft, are enveloped in others (the matrix, such as harder, more wear-resistant binders). Also referred to as "resin bonded coating."
Melt point:
The temperature at which a polymer particle will begin to melt and flow.
Micro-inch:
µinch, a millionth of an inch.
Micron:
µ, one micron, one millionth of a meter. Also expressed as µm or micro-meter.
Micron:
As commonly used in the coating industry, is equivalent to 1/25th of a mil, i.e. 25 microns are equivalent to one mil of coating thickness, or one mil of coating thickness is equivalent to 25 microns.
Migration (of lubricant):
Characteristic of any lubricant which is under pressure to move away from bearing area.
Mil:
One thousandth (0.001) of an inch (25.4 microns). Most common non-metric measurement of coating thickness.
Mill:
A device that breaks up the melt-mix extrusion into powder particles of a determined average particle size.
Moly, moly disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, MoS_:
Four names for the same naturally occurring substance that has good low friction and high load-bearing properties.
Oleophobic:
Oil shedding.
Partial cure:
Process sometimes utilized when multiple layers of fluoropolymer coatings are to be applied. The first coat is incompletely cured; the second coat is applied and both are fully cured together. See Flashing.
Pencil hardness:
A value determined by measuring the relative hardness of a coating based upon the ability of the coating to resist penetration and gouging by pencil lead of varying hardness. The order of pencils from softest to hardest is 4B, 3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, and 8H. The hardness rating of the coating is equal to the first pencil which does not penetrate and gouge the coating when tested from softest to hardest.
PFA (perfluoroalkoxy):
Thermoplastic member of fluoropolymer family of engineering plastics, one characterized by excellent release, low friction and toughness.
pH:
An expression of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance expressed as a number from 0 to 14. Neutrality is pH7. Acid solutions are less than 7 and alkaline solutions are greater than 7.
Phenolic:
A resin or plastic, usually thermosetting, made by condensation of a phenol with an aldehyde and used for molding, insulating, coatings and adhesives.
Phosphating:
Surface pretreatment used on ferrous parts that provide a very thin crystalline film that enhances both corrosion resistance and adhesion.
Pigment:
Finely divided, insoluble colored substance used to impart color to a coating.
Plasma deposition technique:
A method of applying powder using compressed gas and melting the powder in a flame before the powder impinges on a surface. Polymer fume fever: An illness characterized by temporary flu-like symptoms caused by inhaling the products released during the decomposition of fluoropolymers.
Post-cure:
A second cure at high temperature to enhance specific properties such as release and non-wetting.
Powder coatings:
Finely divided particles of organic polymers, pigments and additives alloyed to form a coating.
Powder metal: Material formed by compressing particles of metal and heating (sintering) to solidify and strengthen them.
Preheating:
Warming of parts prior to application of a coating, recommended when adhesion is critical and when parts are being coated in humid atmospheres. In some cases, this technique can be used to achieve higher-than-normal film builds.
Preloads (for fasteners):
The "tightness" of a fastener, equal to the make-up energy applied minus the energy required to overcome friction at the fastener's bearing surfaces and threads.
Pressure spraying:
Coating technique similar to siphon spraying, except that the coating is delivered from a pressurized pot to the spray nozzle under positive pressure. Generally used for high-volume production.
Pretreatment:
Processes for cleaning and conditioning a substrate to be coated. Next to the choice of coating, this may be the most important factor in the use of high-performance coatings.
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene):
A thermoplastic member of the fluoropolymer family of plastics. PTFE has the lowest coefficient of friction of any known solid and the highest operating temperatures of the fluoropolymers.
PV, limiting PV (LPV) factor:
Mathematical limit of a coating's load-carrying ability and wear resistance under bearing conditions.
PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride):
High-molecular weight thermoplastic of vinylidene fluoride with excellent strength, wear resistance and creep resistance.
Resistance (electrical):
The opposition offered by a coating to the passage of an electric current through it.
Sand blasting (also grit blasting):
The process of surface cleaning and roughening that provides a mechanical "tooth" to aid coating adhesion. Media include aluminum oxide, even crushed walnut shells. The medium must be chosen to match the substrate and the foreign material on the substrate to be removed.
Sintering:
A process where the temperature of PTFE is raised to the point where PTFE particles soften and form a bond with each other.
Siphon spraying:
Most common technique for applying coatings, also known as "conventional air spray". The coating is drawn from a reservoir into an atomizing air nozzle and propelled toward the surface to be coated.
Static electricity:
Buildup of stationary electrical charge on a coating powder or a coated surface.
Stick-slip (chatter):
Unstable sliding condition in which movement of one part over another starts and stops, caused by temporary overcoming of static friction.
Storage stability:
The ability of a coating material to maintain uniform physical and chemical properties while in storage over an extended period of time.
Substrate:
Any surface to be coated. This can include metals such as steel, cast iron, bronze, brass, aluminum, stainless steel, chromium and, with special precautions, nickel. Paper, most plastics, wood, leather, fabrics and glass can also be coated.
Surface appearance:
The smoothness, gloss and presence or lack of surface defects in a coating.
Surface treatment:
Conditioning the substrate before coating through grit blast, phosphate, etc. May include the removal of a coating (See Burn-off).
Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE):
Monomer used as a chemical feedstock in the production of PTFE.
Thermoplastic resin:
A resin which will melt when heated and solidifies when cooled, and softens when reheated.
Thermoplastic: Plastic resin that softens when reheated and hardens when cooled.
Thermosetting resin (Thermoset):
A resin designed to undergo an irreversible chemical and physical change during a heat-cure schedule, i.e., a plastic resin that crosslinks during cure so that it does not soften when reheated.
Transportability:
A powder coating's ability to be moved in the air stream through tubing and ducts.
Virgin powder:
Powder in its original package as shipped by the powder coating or resin manufacturer.
Volatile content:
The quantity, expressed as a percent weight of a coating, that is lost under specified conditions of temperature and time.
Volatility:
The readiness of a substance to change from a solid or liquid form to a vapour.
Wear:
Deterioration by friction (abrasion, spalling, cutting, fretting).
Weight solids:
Expressed as a percentage, it is the amount of a substance which remains relative to the total weight, after all volatile components of the substance have been evaporated. The determination is usually hastened by heating the substance in a controlled environment.
Wrap:
A characteristic of liquid and powder coatings in electrostatic application to adhere to areas of the substrate not in direct line of sight of the delivery system end point.